学位论文

基于系统自然观的城市公共园林的设计与研究

崔柳

摘要：城市公共园林(urban public parks and gardens)是伴随着19世纪末的工业城市扩张而出现的一种园林形制。它的出现是人类面对城市环境恶化后的一种自发行为——平衡都市空间。也就是在这一时期自然科学技术迅猛发展，马克思、恩格斯以此为基础建立了唯物主义的辩证自然观，奠定了人与自然和谐发展的哲学革命，确立了现代自然哲学的研究内涵。伴随着自然科学进程的不断加快，尤以相对论、量子力学、分子生物学以及系统论、控制论、信息论等现代自然科学理论的提出，深入揭示了自然界的本质和规律，认为“系统”是总的自然界的模型，因此自然哲学在马克思所提出的辩证唯物主义哲学基础上，又进一步形成了以研究自然所呈现它表现的行为规律背后原因探究为目的的辩证唯物主义系统哲学，该哲学下的自然观称为辩证唯物主义系统自然观。
任何一个学科的发展，如果没有哲学理论的支撑，都很难走向深刻，对于风景园林学科也是如此。今天，城市公共园林过去的空间美学的设计决定论由已无法完全作为今天园林设计的根本遵循，开始受到了来自其它领域科学的质疑。当代中国风景园林的巨大建设却又面临着本土设计的缺失，对于国际园林设计形式的借鉴甚或移植，使得中国的城市公共园林成为了流于皮表的苍白形式化的空间。当代园林设计不再是以艺术性作为设计的第一逻辑，它涉足了自然科学、社会科学以及人文科学的三大类型科学。因此一些所谓的“从业者”在巨大的经济利益驱动下，从各个领域蜂拥而至，专业素养良莠不齐致使设计五花八门，这不仅仅这是自然伦理的丧失，也是对大众文化的强烈误导。当代职业风景园林设计师该如何面对并进行专业的设计？
本文就从这样一个中国风景园林建设的从业状态出发，通过三大类型科学（自然科学、社会科学、人文科学）的自然解读，建立园林学科与其之间的关系，并以自然哲学的理论高度进行学科的定位，以此来理解园林设计的本质，概括出符合时代发展的系统自然观的自然认知理念，以此来指导园林设计。系统自然观是自然哲学到园林设计的研究过渡，文中通过园林领域中对自然的科学认识以及对待自然的科学态度，剖析自然的演进规律；以城市公共园林（城市公园）为分析研究点，建立系统自然观的研究方法，并探索系统自然观指导下的城市公共园林设计。

关键词：城市公共园林；系统；系统自然观；设计

 

System Nature-view on Urban Public Parks and Gardens Design and Research

ABSTRACT: Urban public parks and gardens appeared as one of the landscape shapes which accompanied by the expansion of the industrial city in late 19th century. It is a spontaneous act for human facing of the emergence of the deterioration of the urban environment and it was to balance the urban space. That is, the natural sciences in this period of rapid development of technology, Marx and Engels as the basis for the establishment of the materialist dialectic view of nature; and man and nature had laid a harmonious development of the philosophy of revolution; also they established the modern study of natural philosophy connotation. Accompanied by accelerating the natural process, especially the theory of relativity, quantum mechanics, molecular biology and systems theory, control theory, information theory and other theories of modern natural science, it reveals the depth of the nature and law of nature that the "system" is the general nature model, therefore the natural philosophy in the Marxist philosophy of dialectical materialism put forward basis, to study the formation of the contemporary nature of the act showing the performance of its law for the purpose of exploring the reasons behind the system of dialectical philosophy, known as the formation of the dialectical view of nature materialist view of nature system.
The development of any one subject, in the absence of the support of philosophy, it is very difficult to profound, the same is to landscape architecture disciplines. Today, the urban public space over the past landscape design aesthetic determinism can not be set up to follow this basic design，and it has been questioned beginning from the science. Landscape Architecture in Contemporary China's huge construction market also faces a lack of local design, landscape design for the international form of reference or even transplantation, making China's urban public gardens of the flow in the skin to become pale formal table space. Contemporary landscape design is based on artistic design is no longer the first logic, it is involved in the natural sciences, humanities and social sciences, as well as the three types of science. Therefore some of the so-called "practitioner" was driven by the great economic interests from all areas, resulting in the design of professional mixed variety. This is not only the loss of natural ethics, but also a strong culture of misleading the public. How do contemporary professional landscape architecture designers deal with the professional design?
This article just from a landscape architecture of China state-building practitioners, the adoption of the three major types of science and reading, the establishment of gardens and their relationship between the disciplines and a high degree of natural philosophical theories to the positioning of subjects in order to understand the landscape design the nature of the development of the times to generalize the system in line with the nature of cognitive concepts in order to guide the design. Systems view of nature is a natural landscape design philosophy to the study of transition, through the garden area of the scientific understanding of natural and scientific attitude towards nature, the laws of natural evolution analysis. The design of urban public parks and gardens in the city (City Park) for the study, the view of nature in order to establish a system of research methods to explore the system of nature under the guidance of the design of urban public garden.

Key words: urban public parks and gardens, system, System Nature-view, design