学位论文

天然类城市湿地公园建设策略研究

杨云峰

摘要：伴随着中国近年来城市化程度的不断提高，城市建设与自然资源的矛盾日益凸显。其中，城市湿地资源退化、消失速度极快。为此，国家住房与城乡建设部提出建设城市湿地公园实现有效保护、合理利用城市湿地资源有机结合。湿地的概念不断被热炒，但近年来的建设却丧失了一些本质特征：一方面城市湿地公园风貌与水景公园严重同质化，另一方面部分城市湿地公园建设又侵占或破坏了稻田。本论文认为误区的根源在于对湿地的广义、狭义的概念的理解和城市湿地公园建设本质认识存在着含糊之处。论文通过辨析湿地的广义、狭义定义各自的优缺点后指出：建设城市湿地公园要结合使用狭义和广义的湿地定义。划定公园边界是要使用广义定义，而在公园建设中要强调狭义的湿地，保护、恢复湿地的典型风貌。针对城市湿地公园、湿地公园、湿地自然保护区、水景公园这些相近的概念，论文也做了归纳和区别。论文将城市湿地公园建设的目标确立为：通过保护和恢复湿地水土资源、营造鸟类栖息地，公园能够持续的为人类服务。城市湿地公园的建设需要多学科协调，风景园林师应作为领导者、组织者带领团队完成建设任务，并在设计中注意生态学的科学性和风景园林的艺术性并重。当前城市湿地保护、恢复的任务迫在眉睫，但城市湿地公园作为“有效保护、合理利用”城市湿地的手段，其建设观念上普遍存在着“重装饰、轻整治”的思想，风景园林师不能在这种肤浅的大环境下随波逐流，而要基于职业道德，做“整治领土景观的医师”，“急事慢做”，引导建设走向合理、有序的良性发展的轨道。基于上述认识，论文从规划、设计、运营、管理、评估五个环节系统阐述完整的城市湿地公园总体建设策略。由于天然类城市湿地公园对于城市生态安全的重要意义，本研究对其建设策略进行重点阐述：首先在前期的规划、资源调研、可行性研究的基础上制定项目任务书；其次通过生态命敏感性分析，确定核心区、缓冲区和利用区，建立相应的保护性规划、恢复性规划和利用性规划；并在此框架下，对水系、护岸、土壤、植被、生物栖息地、建筑设施等方面进行单项规划。最后，论文对城市湿地公园分为2大类7小类每一类分别研究2~3个典型案例，分析设计的内容和重点，指出城市湿地公园建设应在水土资源、生态环境的综合整治基础上，融入游览设施建设，实现城市湿地资源的可持续利用。

关键词：湿地；城市湿地；城市湿地公园；建设；策略；生态敏感性

 

Research on Construction Strategy of Natural Urban Wetland Park

ABSTRACT: With the accelerating process of urbanization, the contradiction between urban construction and natural resource becomes evident day by day; especially the speed of urban wetland resources’ degeneration and disappearance. So, Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of China determines to construct urban wetland park in order to combine organicly effective protection and reasonable use of urban wetland resources. With the concept of wetland being hyped up, there are some misguided recognitions in urban wetland park construction. On the one hand, urban wetland park becomes more familiar with waterscape park; on the other hand, the construction of urban wetland park invade or destroy paddyfield. Based on analysis, this dissertation figures that the root is misunderstanding of the general & special concept of wetland and the essence of urban wetland park construction. The dissertation differentiates and analyses the advantage and disadvantage of the general & special concept of wetland, then points out that urban wetland park construction need to use reasonably both of them. The general concept should be used when defining the boundary of the park, and the special concept should be used when constructing the park to protect and restore the typical landscape of wetland. Aiming at some familiar concept with urban wetland park: wetland park, wetland nature reserve, waterscape park, the dissertation gives summary and differentiation. The target of urban wetland construction is established to achieve the sustainable serving function of park for people by protecting and restoring water & soil resources of wetland, constructing bird habitat. The construction needs cooperation of multi-subjects, landscape architect should play a role of leader and coordinator, and lead the team to complete the task. Scientific nature of ecology and artistry of landscape architecture need equal attention. Recently, wetland protection and restoration is imperative, but the concept of “More decoration, less renovation” exists generally in urban wetland park construction. Based on professional ethics, landscape architect should become “doctor of renovating territorial landscape”, and “painstaking treatment with urgency”, then lead the construction to a correct way, not trend blindly. Then, the dissertation describes a systemic construction strategy of urban wetland park from five links in the construction: planning, design, operation, management and evaluation. The dissertation emphases on the construction strategy of natural urban wetland park because of its importance to urban ecology. At last, the dissertation takes examples of several urban wetland parks, analysises their contents and emphases, and points out that the construction of urban wetland park should base on comprehensive renovation of water & soil resources and ecological environment, then merge into facilities construction and achieve the sustainable use of urban wetland resource.

Key words: wetland; urban wetland; urban wetland park; construction;　strategy; ecological sensibility